Discussion Question Week 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Question Week 7 - Essay Example Leaders such as Adolf Hitler of Germany brought about many social changes in his society, so did partitioning of India in 1947.Man ,therefore, being a social being brings about social change to his society. The third means is economic factor. Thus the stratification of individuals in various classes shapes the society’s nature. Education is a key factor here and as people become socially conscious, making money, they positively influence their society and thus affect their lives including living standards, culture, languages and routine life. Fourth means that can change a society is industrialization that encompasses setting up of industrial parks and townships, trade unionism as well as urbanization. Industrialization therefore leads to liberalization, globalization and privatization; factors that all influence the economy of a given society (Andersen & Taylor, 2013). Factors influencing resistance to change include firstly religion-religious groups may impose their dogma on the entire society, leading to battles since several countries have diverse religions. Second factor is perceptions and beliefs that also act as hindrance to social change, for instance the fundamental rights of minorities such as lesbians and gays, race, color, gender etc ought to never be ignored in support of the majority (Andersen & Taylor, 2013). 2. The 3 types of legitimate authority as defined by Weber include; legal authority which basically is on the basis of a system of regulations that are exercised judicially and administratively according to principles that are known. The individuals administering such regulations are elected or appointed by a legally instituted process. In addition, superiors are under such regulations, hence their powers are limited and have their private lives completely separated from their official duties, which normally entail written documentation

History of Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

History of Marketing - Essay Example At the end, it also gives brief biographical outlines of Henry Ford and Philip Kotler, the two great personalities who contributed to the development of the modern marketing thought. Marketing, its definition, meaning and scope. The establishment of a market economy in the 20th century has brought about dramatic changes in the social and economic structures and revolutionized the world economy (Bartels, 1976).1 Marketing is a combination of factors that have to be taken into consideration before taking up selling or promotional activities. Fred E. Clark (1922)2 defined marketing as the efforts that result in the transfer in the ownership of goods. Reciprocity and redistribution are the ideal and essential properties of good marketing, where marketing gives to the society more than takes from the society. The modern marketing thought evolved in the early 20th century and students of marketing were basically trained as economists. From 1900 to 1960, over 100 books related to general marketing were published with over 80 authors contributing to those works. By 1900 marketing managers realized that demand is the desire plus ability to purchase. Desire could be altered with help of advertising, sales promotion and salesmanship. With the increasing competition, cost became the principal determinant of price. Concepts like the elasticity of demand became the parameters of marketing in general. The first decade of 1900 saw the emergence of marketing thought with the realization of the distribution problems and planned collection of market information. Concepts were introduced into marketing from established disciplines like economics, psychology, sociology, and scientific management.In the second decade (1910-20), many basic marketing concepts were added to the commerce, trade and distribution topics. Ralph Starr Butler3 and Arch W. Shaw4 were the men instrumental in developing marketing concepts. According to Butler, marketing was the art of co-coordinating and planning of the complicated relations among the various factors in trade. Shaw (1912) distinguished three basic dynamic operations in business: production, distribution, and administration. From 1914 to 1917 Butler added many marketing concepts. From 1920 to 1930, built upon foundations laid in the first two decades, the Principles of Marketing were first presented in the book form by integrating scattered concepts and tentative generalizations. In his Marketing Methods and Policies,5 Paul D. Converse (1921) distinguished between middlemen's functions related to individual firms and middlemen's activities related to marketing in general. Fred E. Clark6 defined the market structure as built on two processes--transfer of title and transfer of goods; and middlemen included merchants, advertising agencies, banks and warehouses. Goods classes included products for personal, implements and machines used in production, and the machines needed to produce the equipment used in production. Marketing efficiency is judged from two viewpoints: from private angle--operating efficiency; and public view--social significance. The next ten years (1930-40) saw the revision and expansion